What is Knowledge? Philosophy Essay

What is Knowledge? Philosophy Essay What is truth? What is knowledge? These seemingly simple questions lie at the heart of philosophys oldest debates. They have generated numerous theories, revealed issues of perception, cognition and certainty and they occupy philosophers today just as they did thousands of years ago: While our records on the topic go back as far as half a millennium B.C., important works on truth have been published as recently as 2009 (by Michael Lynch, on pluralism see David [2009]). The first part of this essay covers the topics of beliefs and truth and puts an emphasis on a defense of a correspondentist conception of truth, while the second part moves on to a discussion of knowledge based the thesis that knowledge is objective, and can be defined as justified true belief based on sufficient evidence. This paper is thus an argumentative paper, striving to defend the opinion of the author by engaging in a philosophical discussion. I. Truth Truth is a concept that, as established above, has numerous theories that established their own definitions and criteria to determine whether a truthbearer a statement, claim, belief etc. that can be true or false is indeed true. I will here focus on neo-classical theories of truth, as they attempt to address the question of what truth is most directly, and since they still serve as a foundation of much of the more recent debates on truth. I will thus leave aside theories such as Pluralism, Deflationism, and numerous other theories, while my focus lies on Correspondent, Pragmatic and Coherence theories of truth. The Correspondent Theory of Truth sees the nature of truth in its correspondence to reality. A statement is considered true if it describes the way things actually are (Russell, 1956). [EXAMPLE]. It is usually considered to presume some sort of realist framework that holds that there is such a thing as a reality outside of our minds, and that we are able to find some sort of relationship to that reality so that we can verify whether a claim is true or not. However, Kirkham (1992) holds that it would also be possible for correspondent theories to break with realism, for example by referring to facts of a world that exists rather in the mind of some superior entity rather than reality. For the sake of simplicity I will here assume correspondentist theories to adhere to ontological realism. The correspondent theory of truth has two prominent competitors and epistemic theories of truth, which I shall now illuminate. First; the coherence theory of truth defines the nature of truth as coherence of a belief to a set or system of established beliefs. This includes the possibility for a truth to become apparent if it is merely entailed by an established belief in the system. Thus, the system of established beliefs is not only a tool to verify the truth of a belief it is the source of the truth. (Glanzberg, 2006). Coherentism rejects the idea that we can access reality to verify our beliefs it is hence related to idealism. Idealists maintain that experience essentially originates in mental activity. Thus, the notion that a set of beliefs describes the world as it is comes naturally to idealists (Glanzberg). [EXAMPLE] Second; the pragmatist theory of truth proposes that whether a belief is true or not depends on the outcome of actions guided by that belief. Truth is thus determined by its practical value (Glanzberg, 2006). Even though the pragmatist theory of truth deserves a richer account, I will not engage with it much further for the sake of conciseness and because it falls prey to two important accusations. On the one hand, a false belief can also turn out to be true based on luck or different causational relationships than assumed. On the other hand, pragmatism does not allow us to make predictions of the future, since it reduces the definition of truth to beliefs of the past that have been confirmed by their outcome. The usefulness of a pragmatist account of truth is thus limited, both for philosophical study as well as the general scientific enquiry to generate truth. II. Belief and Knowledge The word belief in everyday language refers to a claim that we are certain of in varying degrees, that we have evidence for in varying degrees and that may or may not be true. We speak of belief when a young child strongly believes in Sinterklaas, just as we speak of belief when a person vaguely believes that she will receive a fine when parking her car in central Maastricht without a parking ticket. While both cases have varying certainty and varying likeliness to be true, we do not explicitly distinguish to what extent the belief is certain, backed by evidence or whether it is actually true. In philosophy it is specified what kind of belief is referred to. Further, a claim is only called a belief when its holder is certain of it; this means that hope and faith can be excluded from this definition of belief (Creel, 2001). Hereinafter I shall elaborate on three different kinds of belief and how they relate to knowledge in the realist framework. First, a belief based on evidence is closer to being knowledge than a belief without evidence. However, there are many beliefs that are false, despite being backed by some evidence. Surely the child believing in Sinterklaas has some evidence, such as having seen an actor dressed in the Sinterklaas costume, yet her belief is false. Second, let us assume the belief is true and backed by evidence. It can constitute knowledge, but the evidence on which it is based could too weak to conclude that true, evidence based beliefs are knowledge (Creel). Third, the evidence criterion is specified to exclude the possibility of weak evidence the evidence needs to be so strong, that the belief is justified. Is then a belief knowledge, when it can be said to be justified and true? This is where opinions diverge. Creel states that according to the justification theory of knowledge, the justification of a claim needs to be conclusive to be called knowledge. Steup (2006) claims that for a long time a justified true belief (JTB) has been the standard account of knowledge. Both are closely related, and both have been challenged 1963 by Edmund Gettier.

“Poem” and “About this person” by Simon Armitage Essay

Two of Simon Armitage’s poems, ‘Poem’ and ‘About His Person’ are written about someone who has, for unspecified reasons, passed away or gone. One is in the style of a eulogy and looks back on the life of its persona, presenting contrasting views of it, while the other examines the articles found on a man after his death. Both give the readers some impression of the personas, but are somewhat ambiguous, inviting us to form our own mental pictures of the people and judge them for ourselves. The man in ‘Poem’ seems to have a split personality. Each of the first three stanzas is made up of four lines – the first three dealing with good things he did and the fourth mentioning a drawback, something bad. For example the third and fourth lines of the first stanza read, ‘And he always tucked his daughter up at night And slippered her the one time that she lied.’ Although there are more good than bad things mentioned, the bad is cleverly positioned at the end of the line and this seems to make it overshadow and even cancel out all of the positive actions mentioned. In the context of a eulogy the three positive lines could be what is being said with the last line representing the thoughts of those present at the funeral. Simon Armitage does not conclude on the life of this man, but finishes the poem with: ‘Here’s how they rated him when they lookef back; Sometimes he did this, sometimes he did that.’ This lack of conclusion and the continual juxtaposition of contrasting views of the man’s life do not form a judgement of him, but ask us, the readers, how it is possible to judge someone when he or she is gone. We form an impression of a man who seems dutiful (from his actions such as ‘for his mum he hired a private nurse), yet hot-tempered and domineering (such as ‘And once, for laughing, he punched her [his wife] in the face’), Armitage ends it with such ambiguity that we are forced to reconsider our judgements and  are left with only a vague impression of him. ‘About His Person’ presents its persona via his personal possessions only, which also makes it difficult to draw up an impression of him. However there are hints given about his life, such as ‘crowning one finger / a ring of white unweathered skin’ which suggests he may once have been married but died separated and lonely. It is also suggested by Armitage, however indirectly, that Armitage committed suicide, such as from ‘A final demand / in his own hand’. The poem contains metaphors for death – the library card ‘on its date of expiry’ and the watch, ‘stopped’. These suggest the pre planning of his death. Everything has a double meaning about the man’s life, which is an unusual but effective way of conveying information. From these pointers towards aspects of the persona’s life it is automatic for the readers to create an image of him. However so little information is given that the picture I see in my mind of an elderly widower with no next-of-kin deciding that he is tired of life is undoubtedly quite different to the picture drawn up by another reader. This is a difference between this poem and ‘Poem’ as we have even less of an idea about the dead man’s personality and even less basis on which to judge him. Yet the fact that we do is exactly what Simon Armitage is trying to illustrate – that human nature is to draw up impressions of people from almost no basis. Both of these poems are written from a detached, impersonal view which adds to their effect. This shows that the impressions created are from an uninvolved unbiased individual and that the people described could be anyone – even relatives of the reader. In conclusion, neither poem presents a detailed impression of the man who has departed this life. However through the ambiguous double-meanings, impersonal approach and cleverly thought-out structure they invite the readers to do the impression creation and so ask how we have done this and how we have managed to judge someone who is known to us only through a few lines of poetry.

Mrs. Megan Mayer And Her Kindergarten Class At Roosevelt...

On Tuesday, May 24, 2016 I observed Mrs. Megan Mayer and her kindergarten class at Roosevelt Elementary School. When I got to her class, they were preparing themselves to go to the school garden and learn about fruits, and planting. For this activity they partnered up with another kindergarten class right next door. With the two classes we all walked outside to the back of the playground where Roosevelt has a miniature garden. Between both of the classes there were three groups, A, B, and C as well as three sections of the garden activity. One group would sit down with the other kindergarten teacher Mrs. Peterson and they would draw what they had learned in class previously, another group would go with a different teacher who worked at the†¦show more content†¦She told me about her classroom rules which are mutual respect, attentive listening and appreciations no put downs. She spent the first three weeks of school going over these three rules and afterwards she had each stu dent write their name on colored paper which is their contract, their signature on that paper means they will follow those rules throughout the year. She has another rule in her classroom called â€Å"Kelso’s Choices†. Kelso’s Choices are nine different choices they can make on how to solve their problems in class. When the students come to an issue they have to choose two of the choices on the poster before going to the teacher. Some of the choices on there include, walking away, talking it out, apologizing, telling them to stop, etc. I really liked the idea of Kelso’s Choices because it teaches them problem solving as well as social skills. Instead of being unfair or going to the teacher they have the opportunity to solve the issues and be fair towards each other. After recess it was the children’s â€Å"Planned review time† which is where they all spread throughout the classroom and explore in the classroom and play with toys they like and play with their friends. This is where the kids learn and practice their social skills, practice being kind to one another,

Evaluation Of A Interview, A Friend From Sinus Infection,...

For this video assignment, I interviewed C, a close friend from RIC. During this time, I was suffering from a sinus infection, seasonal allergies, and asthma, so at about 5 minutes into the interview, I had a severe coughing attack and did not feel like it was necessary to include this in the actual footage. Therefore, I paused the video, just like I would pause the session in real life, and started up again as soon I as I recovered. When I first asked her if she would like to help me with this assignment, she knew what problem she would like to discuss right away. I knew this would be helpful in the context of this project, but in real life, clients may not be this open to revealing this information about themselves or could have too many issues to know what to focus their attention on. C’s difficulties with aggression, competiveness, and stress could certainly not be solved within a 13-minute interview, but I hope this session also benefited her and she could work on various ways to deal with the pressure that she faces. Obviously, the set up for the interview was non-traditional, as I do not have office space to work out of and we are only students. Therefore, this was conducted in her small dorm room, which I believe did take away some of the authenticity of the session. In a simulated interview with a camera placed on me, I was aware that this was an artificial environment and there were bound to be more nerves and pressure here than what I will typically find out inShow MoreRelatedNursing Care Plan Essay10501 Words   |  43 Pagescheerful. Bowel sounds present x 4. Pt. has a red area on his coccyx. Silvadene treatments have been started. Pt. Has a fungal lung infection with a pleural suction drainage tube inserted in his chest . Pt is extremely thin with poor skin turgor with a diagnosis of cachexia ( wasting) secondary to malnutrition and infection. Patient is no known allergies to drugs but is allergic to aerosol sprays disinfectants an d dust.. Advanced directives on chart. Code status DNR. Primary physician DrRead MoreNursing Case Study (H-Mole)6781 Words   |  28 Pagesfemale reproductive system consists of internal organs and external organs. The internal organs are located in the pelvic cavity and are supported by the pelvic floor. The external organs are located from the lower margin of the pubis to the perineum. The appearance of the external genitals varies greatly from woman to woman, since age, heredity, race, and the number of children a woman has borne determines the size, shapes, and color. The Uterus A hallow organ about the size and shape of a pear. ItRead MoreMedical Test with Answers Essay example16933 Words   |  68 PagesLyme disease known as erythema migrans, a skin lesion that slowly expands to form a large round lesion with a bright red border and clear center (B) at the site of the tick bite. A tick should be removed with tweezers by pulling straight from its insertion away from the skin, and not compressing its body or covering it with oil (A). Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted by the bite of an infected deer tick, and antiviral agents (D) are ineffective. SymptomsRead MoreComprehensive 1 Essay18452 Words   |  74 PagesLyme disease known as erythema migrans, a skin lesion that slowly expands to form a large round lesion with a bright red border and clear center (B) at the site of the tick bite. A tick should be removed with tweezers by pulling straight from its insertion away from the skin, and not compressing its body or covering it with oil (A). Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted by the bite of an infected deer tick, and antiviral agents (D) are ineffective. SymptomsRead MoreCase Study Essay33967 Words   |  136 PagesEmergency department, hospital Index Words: heart failure (HF), cardiomyopathy, volume overload, quality of life X Scenario M.G., a â€Å"frequent flier,† is admitted to the emergency department (ED) with a diagnosis of heart failure (HF). She was discharged from the hospital 10 days ago and comes in today stating, â€Å"I just had to come to the hospital today because I cant catch my breath and my legs are as big as tree trunks.† After further questioning, you learn she is strictly following the fluid and salt

Memory Technique Essay - 1159 Words

Have you ever noticed how hard it can be to remember something in class especially for a test? Many students have trouble identifying why they have trouble recalling. A lot of the problem could very well be what forms of techniques they are using to study. To be able to find the best way to study a student needs to realize the ways in which information is stored. It is the goal of this paper to help students to better study and identify ways in which they can achieve this. The paper will include how information is made into a memory, how study habits can affect this by using my own example, and showcase three recommendations that psychologists have given for effective studying. These being effective note taking, the keyword technique,†¦show more content†¦So, a professor armed with this knowledge will present information in multiple ways to insure that there information makes the transition to short term memory. Feldman refers to this period of continuous exposure to info rmation as rehearsal (Feldman, 2009). If a professor is successful, this transition will take place. To retain and keep information there and even moving it into long term memory takes even more rehearsal, also known to most as studying. It is this process in which we will elaborate on and explain why they are the methods that work most effectively. The first suggestion in helping aide in retention that we will discuss is effective note taking. This may sound simple to write down information however, it takes practice to do it effectively. The text suggests operating on the Less is more rule (Feldman, 2009). This phrase means to take notes that help facilitate recall, listen to the lecture and write down just the key points such as new terms, or definitions. This is a huge change from what I was taught in high school. 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Modernisation and emotional maturity Free Essays

In modern society, education alone can provide the most dependable and the most effective apparatus for accelerating growth and development in all spheres of human austerity. Now we live in the technological era. The technology of 21st Century has revolutionized and enhanced our way of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Modernisation and emotional maturity or any similar topic only for you Order Now The public expects technology to have a similar revolutionary effect on education. Energy technologies and resulting globalization also provide unlimited possibilities for exciting new discoveries and developments such as new forms of energy, medical advances restoration of environmentally ravaged areas, communication and exploration into space and into the depth of the oceans. From the beginning of life till now life has been changing. Change is the law of nature, and changes in Society are always taking place. At times these changes are slow. Sometime they are so slow that people do not even perceive them. However, there are times when they are also rapid and drastic. All spheres of living things are changing. The word modernization is derived from Latin word ‘mood’ means modern. Modernization refers to a model of a progressive transition from a ‘pre-modern’ or ‘traditional’ to a ‘modern’ society. Modernization as a form of cultural response attributes which are basically universalistic and evolutionary. Modernization is generally regarded as a process of change-change of traditional Society into a Society based on Science and technology. Modernization refers to a model of a progressive transition from a ‘pre-modern’ or ‘traditional’ to a ‘modern’ society. Modernization can best be defined as the process of transforming the old traditional society and nations to the modernity in the fields of social, economic, industrial, technological, political, cultural and educational advancement. Heraclites as beautifully laid down that it is impossible for a man to step into the same river twice. It is so because in the interval of time between the first and the second stepping both the river and the man have changed their positions. In the words of Moore, † modernization as a revolutionary change leading to transformation of a traditional society into an advanced, economically prosperous and relatively politically stable society. † Toward consider modernization as â€Å"the transformations in attitudes, institutions, and ideologies that are associated with processes such as arbitration and industrialization. â€Å"There is nothing more permanent than change. † Modernization is not westernizes purely. The modernized society believes in co- existence, co-operation and compromise rather than in competition and conflict. Modernization can be achieved only by improving and extending education. Again education, both the formal and informal is a means of communication. The transmission of meaning has important functions like colonization, surveillance, consensus building, raising expectations, focusing attention, broadening mental horizons, creating new attitudes, and values arousing interest in innovation, teaching kills, and encouraging experimentation. Each of these functions has relevance for programmer of modernization. Hence, the formal education if imaginatively and purposefully employed can be a powerful instrument of Modernization. The education today is linked with development. Education is the main agency for the development of attitudes, interests and values and the teacher is its main agent. The class consists of different types of students and they differ in their interest, ‘Q, attitude, achievement etc. Some students change with the changing time, some don’t. There are certain causes behind this kind of difference in attitude. Emotions are important in our lives. Our emotions have the potential to serve us as a delicate and sophisticated interval guidance system. In the present circumstances, youth as well as children are facing difficulties in life. These difficulties are giving rise to many psychosomatic problems such as anxiety, tensions, frustrations and emotional upsets in day to day life. So, the study of emotional life is now emerging as a descriptive science. It deals with interplay of forces with intensities and quantities. Emotional maturity is not only the effective determinant of personality pattern, but it also helps o control the growth of adolescent’s development. The concept ‘Mature’ emotional behavior of any level is that which reflects the fruits of normal emotional development. A person who is able to keep his emotions under control, which is able to break delay and to suffer without self-pity, might still be emotionally stunned and childish. According to Walter et al. (1976), emotional maturity is a process in which the personality is continuously striving for â€Å"greater sense of emotional health, both intra-psychically and intra personality. † Emotional stability is one of the seventh important indicators of mental health. It simply means being grown up so that one may be able to personally manage his/her desires and feelings and may be better able to cope up the adverse life situations in a most befitting and socially approved manner. The most outstanding mark of emotional maturity is ability to bear tension. Life is becoming fast with the advancement of science and technology. Though man has conquered time and space to a great extent by the present level of scientific advancement, yet there is great threat to his existence. The Indian society is becoming increasingly materialistic. Emotional pressure is increasing day by day specially at higher secondary school stage. Unrest, anxiety and frustrations are occurring in all the spheres of life. Parents have no time to spend and guide their children. Students are frequently troubled with their daily problems because they do not have the capacity and training to solve problems. Our educational system also provides no direction to the children. Citizens of tomorrow are children attending today’s schools. Those children in their capacity of being the future administrators, engineers, doctors and last but not least the citizens of the country must be brought p in a way worthy of the obligations which they owe to their community and their country at large. They should normally possess the best physical and mental health for performing their duties. But unless something is done to help the child, he will continue to suffer from anxiety due to heavy work load. Due to high anxiety, child develops certain personality traits which inhibit his proper physical, emotional and social development. All these factors add to emotional tensions of the child and make him an unbalanced personality. In later years, such a child because of his under plopped personality becomes a burden for the society in one form or the other. In this modern world of science and technology, nothing but change is eternal. This generation of ours, lives at the mercy of science and technology. It is believed that science based technology is the ‘column bunkum’ of our life. Moreover, there is a lot of competition in every walk of life. Here Darning’s law of survival of the fittest is truly valid. Only those who succeed can survive. This rapid change in man’s life due to advancement in scientific technology has made man’s life easy and comfortable but t the same time has created many complexities too. Apparently, man appears to be happy but internally, he is full of conflicts. Parents and educational institutions pressurize the children to excel in academics and other areas of performance. There are several things one may feel like doing because of his emotions but emotional maturity will keep him doing the right thing and may even help him to remain calm in the most difficult situations. Emotional maturity is the ability to differentiate and properly identify one’s emotions while granting himself the freedom to experience whatever emotion is appropriate to a given situation. Adolescence is the most crucial and significant period of an individual’s life. It is a period of rapid revolutionary changes in the individual’s physical, mental, moral, spiritual, sexual and social outlook. It is a period to learn new things, and it is a period of anxieties, worries, conflicts, complexities, and ambitions. Adolescence is the period of heightened emotionality. It is the most demanding period in one’s life- a period of storm and stress because accurate portrayal of self to others, which is an identifying criterion of healthy personality, is in the process of establishment during this period. The present study is on modernization and emotional maturity of higher secondary students. The study attempts to analyze the various aspects of modernization and emotional maturity among higher secondary students. The end of the twentieth century and beginning of the twenty first century have seen an unprecedented upsurge in activities revolving around the teenage adolescence students. It is the dire need of the hour that as teenage adolescence students we should have proper emotional development to rightly use our human emotions. So our minds have something vital to do with our emotions and we should have a self concept to control our emotions with the mind! But our emotions need to be understood, taught, trained and controlled by the mind! Emotional maturity moves beyond intelligence to a higher state of consciousness, guided by what one senses, feels and intuits, and one’s heart. Modernization and Emotional maturity is a tool for promoting students’ mental health and personality. The specific needs for identifying these phenomena of Emotional Maturity and modernization are natural and inevitable outcome of student growth and development rather than among pathological symptom. The Emotional maturity becomes important in the behavior of individuals. As the dents are the pillars of the future generations their value pattern and emotional maturity are vital. So the present study intends to measure the emotional maturity and modernization level of the Higher Secondary school students. Citizens of tomorrow are children attending today’s schools. Those children in their capacity of being the future administrators, engineers, doctors and last but not least the citizens of the country must be brought up in a way worthy of the obligations which they owe to their community and their country at large. They should normally possess the best physical and mental health for performing their duties. But unless something is done to help the child, he will continue to suffer from anxiety due to heavy work load. Due to high anxiety, child develops certain personality traits which inhibit his proper physical, emotional and social development. All these factors add to emotional tensions of the child and make him an unbalanced personality. In later years, such a child because of his under developed personality becomes a burden for the society in one form or the other. The Emotional maturity becomes important in the behavior of individuals and the development of education is depending to the level of modernization. As the students are the pillars of the future generations their modernization and Emotional maturity are vital ones. So the present study intends to measure the Modernization tenets and Emotional Maturity of Higher Secondary school students. The study will help and guide teachers and parents in taking necessary steps to develop psychological attitude of the pupils in proper lines. Schools are an important place where children have contacts with their peers, form friendship, and participate in social groups and with other children. As children grow from infancy through adolescence, peers are increasingly important in their lives. Their interactions become more complex with age. In adolescence peer relationships affect whole personality. The specific needs for identifying these phenomena of Emotional Maturity and modernization are natural and inevitable outcome of student growth and development rather than among pathological symptom. The Emotional maturity becomes important in the behavior of individuals. As the students are the pillars of the future generations their value pattern of Emotional Maturity are vital. For all these reasons this study on the Emotional Maturity and modernization level of Higher Secondary school students is relevant and is a need of the time. How to cite Modernisation and emotional maturity, Papers

Community Based Health Service Delivery System

Question: Discuss about theCommunity Based Health Service Delivery System. Answer: Tonys Perspective Core Treatment Needs/Goals Mental health is an important aspect of healthcare in various healthcare systems among various jurisdictions all over the world. However, many healthcare systems have not been able to come up with a comprehensive mental health plan majorly due to the fact that planning for mental health is very costly and requires huger financial investments. Therefore, poor mental health is a global problem. Individuals who suffer from mental health are more likely to suffer higher rates of disability, mortality, and morbidity than individuals who dont suffer from the same. (Levinthal, 2014).One of the countries with a high number of mental health cases is Australia although the country has taken considerable steps to address the problem by coming up with a National Mental Health Strategy and allocating over 7billion dollars to fund mental health related services. (Beardslee, 2011). For instance, it is estimated that approximately 45% of Australians develop mental health problems such as depression and anxiety disorder. The purpose of this assignment is to conduct a mental health assessment for Tony, an individual in Australia by answering the following questions from both Tonys perspective and Julie (his wife) perspective. Tony is among the many Australian adults suffering from depression and anxiety disorders (Kolb, 2006).The following are the core treatment needs/goals for Tony; Engage in productive work by engaging in a professional occupation to keep himself busy Participate in an extracurricular activity or sports.Beeing able to excel in sports will make Tony to feel good about himself and boost his self-esteem Tony should learn emotional regulation, problem- solving skills and general skills on how to cope in his new environment. Having migrated from the United Kingdom has taken a toll on Tony who is not able to reconcile himself with his new environment in a foreign country.Equiping him with necessary skills to cope in a new environment will go a long way in helping his emotional state to be stable According to Hodgkinson (2009), mental disorders can be described with signs and symptoms which may vary between specific disorders. The above treatment needs are based on the fact that Tony is suffering from depression which has led him to substance abuse particularlyalcohol. Furthermore, he is demonstrating all the symptoms of depression ranging from withdrawal, emotional disconnect from family and aggressivebehavior. The above treatment goals are aimed at helping Tony overcome his depression and restore himself to the person his wife, Julie once knew him to be. It seems Tonys depression has something to do with the fact he just emigrated to a foreign country with so much to deal with.Moreover,the medication he was given when he was younger may have caused some childhood trauma to him which is a trigger to his mental health problems. (Nevis, 2013) Options for Addressing Tonys Treatment Needs/Goals Under the current Victorian mental health service delivery model, individuals with mental illness and their family members are the major decisions makers regarding assessment, treatment, and recovery of mental illness patients (Azmi, 2008).Under this model of mental health service delivery, mental health services are based on age groups and geographical regions. This mental health plan for the state of Victoria in Australia is a model for other states in Australia who want to initiates a comprehensive mental health services plan for their residents. Under the current Victorian mental health services delivery model, Tony has two major options to be able to meet and achieve his treatment needs/goals. These options are Adult Specialists Mental Health Services (ASMH) and Psychiatric Disability Rehabilitation and Support Services. (Harrison, 2015) Under the Adult Specialists Mental Health Services, Tony will be able to access a variety of mental health services which may help him attain his treatment goals. These services include the critical assessment and treatment, acute in-patient services, early interventions and prevention and recovery care services. I am confident that the services available in Adult Specialists Mental Health Services will enable Tony to cope with his emotional statement of mind. The Psychiatric Disability Rehabilitation and Support Services provide psychosocial rehabilitation programs for individuals with serious psychological disability. Although Tony psychological disability is not serious, the services provided under this program will be very helpful to him. (Morgan, 2011) Julies Perspective Tonys Core Treatment Needs/Goals Research has shown that the friends and family of individuals with mental health problems are usually directly affected by those problems arising from individuals they care about. This situation is even worse if a spouse is suffering from mental disorders like the case of Julie and her husband Tony. It is for these reasons that the Victorian mental health services delivery model recognized the need to involve family members in decisions regarding the treatment of those individuals they care about. Julie, Tonys wife is concerned about her husband and from her own perspective, the following are the core treatment needs for Tony; Tony needs to develop anger management skills. This will enable him to suppress his aggressive tendencies which can cause physical harm to his wife and daughter. Tony should identify areas of interest and strength and become involved actively in activities that promote those strengths. This will enable Tony to occupy himself mentally which may help him become emotionally stable. Tony should be helped to identify negative and maladaptive thoughts and learn to replace those thoughts with positive and adaptive thoughts to be able to cope with the current situation. (Lawrence, 2015 Julies Options for Meeting Tonys Treatment Goals Since Tony is adamant about seeking treatment claiming that doctors have always had it for him, Julie will have to seek compulsory treatment orders. This is because at this point Tony does not express any interest to being treated and has demonstrated that he can cause physical harm to both his wife and daughter Chloe. Julie will have to seek an assessment order for compulsory treatment so that an authorized psychiatrist can examine Tony. Due to Tonys recent aggressive behavior towards Julie; he qualifies to undergo compulsory treatment orders. Julie can also seek non-residential community mental health services where Tony will be able to access critical assessments and treatment with the support of mobile support and treatment. This will enable Tony to receive both in-patient and community treatment services in a short period of time. (March, 2016) Analysis of the Current System The Victorian mental health services model is good for addressing the mental health needs of many individuals in the state of Victoria. However; the mental health service delivery model does not balance the treatment needs of the patient in question versus the treatment needs of those taking care of him. The model does not address the mental health disparities among the white majority and minority aboriginal people. Fortunately, the current mental health service delivery model allows individuals and families to be able to seek a second opinion from a psychiatrist regarding mental health problems. (Nevis, 2013) This will help in being able to reconcile the treatment needs of an individual suffering from mental health problems and the treatment needs from the family perspectives because they are the ones who take care of him/her. The fact that the Victorian mental health service delivery model allows a patient with mental health problems to have a say and participate in the decision making process to determine his/her treatment and recovery services is commendable. However, the same will not be the case when an individual is suffering from mental disability which may render him/her incapable of making decisions regarding assessment, treatment and recovery. This is where family members and care takers are able to step in and determine the individuals treatment needs or goals. (Kolb, 2006). References Azmi, F. T. (2008). The Mental Health Bill: An explanatory guide, Department of Health Beardslee, W. R. (2011). Prevention of Mental Disorders, Substance Abuse, and Problem Behaviors: A Developmental Perspective. Harrison, R. (2015). (2010). National Mental Health Guide: Australias Mental Health Services under the National Mental Health Strategy. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Hodgkinson, M. (2009). Primary Care Partnerships: Integrated Care Branch of the Wellbeing, State of Victoria, Department of Health Kolb, D. (2006). National Mental Health Report: tracking progress of mental health reform in Australia. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Lawrence D. (2015). The Mental Health of Children and Adolescents: Report on the second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Canberra: Department of Health. Levinthal, D. A. (2014). National survey of mental health and wellbeing: summary of results, Australia, 2007. Canberra: ABS. March, J. G. (2016). Health and Immunization: Mental disorders Morgan V.A. (2011). People Living With Psychotic Illness. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Nevis, E. C. (2013). Mental Health: Australian action plan